Byte
BYTE Vol 1. No. 4, cover dated December 1975 |
| Categories |
Computer magazines |
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Monthly |
| First issue |
September 1975 |
| Final issue |
July 1998 |
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UBM |
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United States |
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English |
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microcomputer magazine, influential in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s because of its wide-ranging editorial coverage.[1] Whereas many magazines from the mid-1980s had been dedicated to the MS-DOS (PC) platform or the Mac, mostly from a business or home user's perspective, Byte covered developments in the entire field of "small computers and software", and sometimes other computing fields such as supercomputers and high-reliability computing. Coverage was in-depth with much technical detail, rather than user-oriented. The Byte name and logo continued to exist as of 2011, but as an online publication only, with different emphasis.[2]
BYTE started in 1975, shortly after the first personal computers appeared as kits advertised in the back of electronics magazines. BYTEwas published monthly, with an initial yearly subscription price of $10.
[edit]How BYTE started
In 1975 Wayne Green was the editor and publisher of 73 (an amateur radio magazine) and his ex-wife, Virginia Londner Green, was the Business Manager of 73 Inc. In the August 1975 issue of 73 magazine Wayne's editorial column started with this item:
"The response to computer-type articles in 73 has been so enthusiastic that we here in Peterborough got carried away. On May 25th we made a deal with the publisher of a small (400 circulation) computer hobby magazine to take over as editor of a new publication which would start in August ... BYTE." [3]
Byte's first editor was Carl Helmers and in the first anniversary issue he wrote: "BYTE began with its first issue dated September 1975. That first issue was assembled from scratch in seven weeks of hectic activity starting May 25, 1975." Byte was published by a new company, Green Publishing, which was wholly owned by Virginia Green, who had kept the surname after her divorce ten years earlier. Because she started Green Publishing and Byte Magazine with limited capital, which she borrowed from her family, much of the work of the early issues was sub-contracted to various individuals and companies, mostly in the Monadnock Region of New Hampshire. 73 Magazine, which had excess staff capacity, did much of the "paste-up" of the magazine pages for the first 4 issues under sub-contract from Virginia Green. In 3 of those first 4 issues, without permission or authority, Wayne Green inserted his name and the title of Publisher just before the final page "boards" were sent to the printer. After the third occurrence, Virginia Green removed all work in progress from the 73 premises and used other sub-contractors and her own growing Byte staff.
A 1985 Folio magazine article suggested that "One day in November 1975 Wayne came to work and found that the Byte magazine staff had moved out and taken the January issue with them." [4] This Folio article quoting Wayne Green was the genesis of libel actions by Virginia Green against both Folio and Wayne Green in the New Hampshire Superior Court in Manchester. Folio had never attempted to corroborate Wayne Green's statements with Virginia Green, Carl Helmers, or the law firm that organized Virginia Green's publishing company to publish, inter alia, Byte Magazine. Both Folio and Wayne Green settled before trial with large payments to Virginia Green. The January 1976 issue has Virginia Green listed as Publisher.
Virginia Green Williamson's second husband, attorney Gordon Williamson, wrote a book contending that Wayne Green's role in founding Byte was minimal and that litigation between the parties was settled against Wayne Green's interests. See "See Wayne Run. Run, Wayne, Run." (Barkley, 1988). The February 1976 issue of Byte has a short story about the move. "After a start which reads like a romantic light opera with an episode or two reminiscent of the Keystone Cops, BYTE magazine finally has moved into separate offices of its own."
In the autumn of 1976 Wayne Green announced the planned launch of a computer magazine called Kilobyte. Byte quickly trademarked KILOBYTE as a cartoon series in Byte magazine as the first of a planned family of trademarks based upon the original "Byte" trademark. A trademark infringement lawsuit in US Federal Court in Concord, New Hampshire by Byte against Wayne Green and Kilobyte was settled with Green changing the name of his proposed magazine to Kilobaud before the first issue was produced. Byte magazine's policy was not to mention competitors in its pages, including Wayne Green's publications. There continued to be competition and animosity between Byte Publications and 73 Inc., both located in the small town of Peterborough, New Hampshire. [edit]The early years
Byte was able to attract advertising and articles from many well-knowns, soon-to-be-well-knowns, and ultimately-to-be-forgottens in the growing microcomputer hobby. Articles in the first issue (September, 1975) included Which Microprocessor For You? by Hal Chamberlin, Write Your Own Assembler by Dan Fylstra and Serial Interface by Don Lancaster. Advertisements from Godbout, MITS, Processor Technology, SCELBI, and Sphere appear, among others.
Early articles in Byte were do-it-yourself electronic or software projects to improve small computers. A continuing feature was Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, a column in which electronic engineer Steve Ciarcia described small projects to modify or attach to a computer (later spun off to become the magazine embedded computer applications). Significant articles in this period included the Kansas City standard for data storage on audio tape, insertion of disk drives into S-100 computers, publication of source code for various computer languages (Tiny C, BASIC, assemblers), and breathless coverage of the first microcomputer operating system, CP/M. Byte ran Microsoft's first advertisement, as "Micro-Soft", to sell a BASIC interpreter for 8080-based computers. [edit]Growth and change
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This section may contain original research. Please verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (January 2008) |
In spring of 1979, owner/publisher Virginia Williamson sold the magazine to
McGraw-Hill. She remained publisher until 1983, about 8 years after founding the magazine, and subsequently became a vice president of McGraw-Hill Publications Company. Shortly after the IBM PC was introduced, in 1981, the magazine changed editorial policies. It gradually de-emphasized the do-it-yourself electronics and software articles, and began running product reviews, the first computer magazine to do so
[citation needed]. It continued its wide-ranging coverage of hardware and software, but now it reported "what it does" and "how it works", not "how-to-do-it." The editorial focus remained on any computer system or software that might be within a typical individual's finances and interest (centered on
home and
personal computers).
From 1975 through 1986
Byte covers usually featured the artwork of
Robert Tinney. These covers made
Byte visually unique. In 1987 Tinney's paintings were replaced by product photographs, and Steve Ciarcia's "Circuit Cellar" column was discontinued.
Around 1985 Byte started an online service called
BIX (Byte Information eXchange) which was a text-only
BBS style site running on the
CoSy conferencing software, also used by McGraw-Hill internally.
[citation needed] Access was via local dial-in or, for additional hourly charges, the
Tymnet X.25 network. Monthly rates were $13/month for the account and $1/hour for X.25 access. Unlike
Compuserve, access at higher speeds was not surcharged. Many of the Byte staff were active on the service. Later,
gateways permitted
email communication outside the system.
Byte continued to grow. By 1990 it was a monthly about an inch in thickness, a readership of technical professionals, and a subscription price of $56/year, a high figure for the time. It was the "must-read" magazine of the popular computer magazines. Around 1993
Byte began to develop a
web presence. It acquired domain name Japan,
Brazil,
Germany, and an Arabic edition published in Jordan.
[edit]End of the printed magazine, and online publication
Byte's readership and advertising revenue were declining when McGraw-Hill sold the magazine to
CMP Media, a successful publisher of specialized computer magazines in May 1998. The magazine's editors and writers expected its new owner to revitalize
Byte but CMP ceased publication with the July 1998 issue, laid off all the staff and shut down
Byte's rather large product-testing lab.
[5][6] Subscribers were offered a choice of two of CMP's other magazines, notably CMP's flagship publication about Windows PCs.
Publication of
Byte in
Germany and
Japan continued uninterrupted. The Turkish edition resumed publication after a few years of interruption. The Arabic edition also ended abruptly.
[7]Many of
BYTE's columnists migrated their writing to personal web sites. The most popular of these was probably
science fiction author
Jerry Pournelle's
weblog "Byte, describing computers from a
power user's point of view. After the closure of
Byte magazine, Jerry Pournelle's column continued to be published in the Turkish editions of
PC World, which was soon renamed as
PC LIFE in Turkey. In 1999 CMP revived
BYTE as a web-only publication, from 2002 accessible by subscription. It closed in 2009.
[8]UBM brought the BYTE name back when it officially relaunched BYTE as BYTE.com on 11 July 2011. Its launch editor was tech journalist Gina Smith.
[9] Smith began appearing in media outlets to talk about the upcoming relaunch in December 2010, most regularly on This Week in Technology with Leo Laporte, her former radio cohost
[10] and co-author
[11]
UBM heavily promoted Smith as part of its byte.com relaunch from her hiring in December through launch -- continually promoting her journalistic credentials on a pre-launch stubsite as a New York Times best-selling coauthor of Steve Wozniak's autobiography, iWoz (W.W. Norton, 2005), and a nationally-known tech journalist via ABC News, PC/Computing, Popular Science, The MIT Technology Review, the San Francisco Chronicle/Examiner Sunday Edition and the long-running On Computers with Gina Smith and Leo Laporte, among other tech posts.
[12]According to byte columnist and National Lampoon writer Dino Londis, Smith from January through July selected and led 70 IT professionals and journalists
[13], including original byte contributor Jerry Pournelle, cover artist Robert Tinney and original byte magazine editor Carl Helmers, as a relaunch edit team she called teambyte. He said she relied on almost no corporate resources before launch; rather the team created nearly 1TB of prelaunch edit copy, video and audio content in the months before the July 2011 launch using outside tools like Google Groups, Dropbox, Gmail and various other personal equipment and services.
[14]A day after launch, UBM, via its subsidiary PR Newswire, garnered a spot on New York City's Times Square billboard, giving the return of the venerable media site maximum visibility.
[15]Launch editor Smith left BYTE on September 21, 2011, according to her website,
[16]as did then byte.com executive editor, Brian Burgess, "to pursue other opportunities," according to her website
[17] -- a week later, she, Burgess and tech pundit John C. Dvorak, her colleague from the 1993 CNET launch team, began talking publicly about "a new domain" they planned to launch "in coming weeks."
[18]On November 11, 2011, that new site launched as anewdomain.net, and Smith named among its participating editors two dozen former teambyte edit team members, who also had exited byte.com after her departure
[19] On December 5, 2011, Smith and Dvorak announced on anewdomain.net that BYTE's flagship columnist Jerry Pournelle was leaving for the new property, too, effectively completing the launch team's exodus into the Smith/Dvorak fledgling property, aNewDomain.net.
[20]After Smith left BYTE in September 2011, UBM posted Jerry Pournelle's final byte column.
[21]Pournelle soon after began writing regularly for the Smith/Dvorak anewdomain site, which now hosts the famed column in lieu of byte
[22]. UBM continues to show Pournelle's photo on the Byte site,
[23], though Pournelle's column now runs only at anewdomain.net and Pournelle's site at jerrypournelle.com.
Currently, Larry Seltzer is editorial director of BYTE.com, a URL that now redirects to an informationweek.com Internet address
[24]and runs news from UBM's Informationweek IT-focused news property. BYTE's focus, the site says, is a trend called the "consumerization of IT"
[25]. Smith serves with Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales and Washington DC attorney Andrea Weckerle on the board of a non-profit dedicated to curbing hate speech online.
[26][edit]See also
MC die microcomputer-zeitschrift (magazine), a former German magazine similar to Byte.
[edit]References
- ^ Valery, Nicholas (May 19, 1977). . New Scientist (London: Reed Business Information) 74 (1052): pp. 405–406. ISSN "Byte magazine, the leading publication serving the homebrew market …"
- ^ ^ Green, Wayne (August 1975). . 73 Amateur Radio (179): 2. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
- ^ Carlson, Walter (January 1985). . Folio: The Magazine for Magazine Management. Retrieved 2008-01-16."Green relates that when he arrived at the office one day in November 1975, when the fifth issue was in the works, he found that everything had been moved out--the shoeboxes, the back issues, the articles and the bank account--by his general manager, who also happened to be his first wife, from whom he was divorced in 1965."
- ^ "McGraw-Hill to Sell Information Group to CMP Media". The New York Times. Reuters: p. D.3. May 6, 1998. "The McGraw-Hill Companies agreed yesterday to sell its Information Technology and Communications Group, which includes Byte and other computer magazines, to CMP Media Inc. for $28.6 million."
- ^ Napoli, Lisa (June 1, 1998). "New Owners of Byte Suspend Publication". The New York Times: p. D.4. "Byte's circulation has fallen to a recent average of 442,553 from 522,795 in 1996. Advertising has also fallen. In January, for example, Byte published only 61.5 ad pages, less than half the number of pages the magazine had in 1996."
- ^ ^ Tom R. Halfhill, on his personal website]
- ^ ^ ^ http://www.amazon.com/101-Computer-Answers-Need-Know/dp/1562763393/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1325565182&sr=8-1
- ^ http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/187590
- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ http://typepad.ginasmith.com
- ^ http://typepad.ginasmith.com
- ^ ^ ^ http://www.informationweek.com/byte/commentary/personal-tech/desktop-os/231700019
- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ http://civilination.org
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